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JLPT N4 grammar
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N4 grammar roadmap
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- N4 grammarと and たら: predictable results or a particular situationと names a result nobody had to choose; たら names what happened once something became true, including a plan. The test that tells them apart.Available7 min read
- N4 grammarば and なら: conditions and adviceなら takes up a condition someone already raised; ば supplies its own. The test that tells them apart, and why ば can't carry a request.Available8 min read
- N4 grammarThe potential form: ability, possibility, and を or がForm Japanese potential verbs and ことができる, then see why が and を can both follow an ability claim but do different jobs in the longer pattern.Available7 min read
- N4 grammarThe volitional ～よう: deciding, not predictingLearn the N4 volitional form and ～ようと思う: build each verb ending, distinguish a new decision from a continuing plan, and avoid prediction errors.Available8 min read
- N4 grammarJapanese passive: who receives the action, who feels itBuild Japanese passive endings and distinguish direct action, affected possessions and indirect trouble, including when an intransitive verb becomes passive.Available8 min read
- N4 grammarThe causative: making and letting are the same formBuild the Japanese causative form and read who acts, who causes it, and why に or を cannot alone tell you whether someone was made or allowed to act.Available7 min read
- N4 grammarJapanese causative-passive: made to act or thinkForm the Japanese causative-passive, compare full and shorter godan endings, and distinguish being made to act from reflective 考えさせられる.Available7 min read
- N4 grammarなければならない, なきゃ, なくちゃ: Japanese obligationBuild Japanese must-do forms from the negative verb stem, compare なければならない with なきゃ and なくちゃ, and choose the right register.Available7 min read
- N4 grammarJapanese ～ながら: two overlapping actions, one focusForm Japanese ～ながら from the ます-stem, keep one actor in both actions, and choose which action the sentence treats as its main point.Available6 min read
- N4 grammarJapanese そう, よう, らしい, みたい: evidence and likenessDistinguish Japanese そう, よう, らしい and みたい by how they attach, what evidence they use, and when they describe likeness.Available7 min read
- N4 grammarJapanese ～ておく: prepare, handle, or leave it as isBuild ～ておく from the て-form, hear ～とく and ～どく in casual speech, and tell advance preparation from temporary action or an unchanged state.Available7 min read
- N4 grammar～てみる: trying something to find outForm ～てみる from the verb て- or で-form, use it to try something and see, and distinguish a trial carried out from an action only attempted.Available6 min read
- N4 grammarJapanese transitive and intransitive pairs: two viewsChoose が消える or を消す, 始まる or 始める, and 落ちる or 落とす by following the changing subject or affected object, without guessing blame.Available6 min read
- N4 grammarJapanese keigo basics: respect, service speech, requestsRead eight N4-listed keigo forms in service speech and requests: ございます, いらっしゃる, お～になる, いたします and ～ていただけませんか.Available9 min read
- N4 grammar～たことがある: talking about experienceUse the Japanese ta-form plus koto ga aru for experience. Compare a specific past event, polite endings and never, with seven questions before the answers.Available10 min read
- N4 grammar～たり～たりする: listing example actionsUse Japanese ～たり～たりする to list example actions. Build たり and だり forms, place tense at the ending, and practise before checking the answers.Available9 min read
- N4 grammar～ても and ～のに: two ways an expectation can failChoose Japanese ても or のに by the speaker’s stance. Learn their forms, factual overlap and limits, then try eight exercises before the answer block.Available10 min read
- N4 grammar～かもしれない and ～でしょう: expressing uncertaintyCompare かもしれない and でしょう through possibility, prediction and confirmation. Check plain forms, past and negatives, then try six original exercises.Available8 min read
- N4 grammar～ことにする and ～ことになる: decisions and arrangementsChoose ことにする or ことになる for decisions and arrangements. Learn verb forms, negative choices and timing, then practise with six original questions.Available9 min read
- N4 grammar～ようになる: describing a change in ability or habitUse ようになる to report an acquired ability or a new routine. Check verb forms, tense, negative changes, and the boundary with decisions.Available9 min read
- N4 grammar～とき and ～間: when something happensChoose とき for the time of a situation and 間 for continuity through a period. Check attachment, relative tense, overlap and original exercises.Available9 min read
- N4 grammarあまり～ない and 全然～ない: degrees of negationCompare あまり～ない with 全然～ない: not very versus not at all, negative verb and adjective forms, polite endings, and six original practice questions.Available8 min read
- N4 grammar場合は: stating what to do in a situationLearn how 場合は frames a possible case and its response. Check noun-like attachment, verb timing, register, limits and seven original exercises.Available8 min read
- N4 grammarだけで and の中で: limits and scopeLearn how だけで marks what alone is enough and how の中で sets a place, circumstance, or comparison group, with N4 examples and practice.Available8 min read
- N4 grammar始める, 出す, 続ける and 終わる: phases of an actionChoose 始める for a neutral start, 出す for sudden onset, 続ける for continuation, and 終わる for completion. Learn the shared N4 attachment rule.Available8 min read
- N4 grammarでも, または, とか and など: examples and alternativesUse または for named alternatives, Nでも for one loose suggestion, とか for conversational examples, and など for a neutral representative list.Available9 min read
- N4 grammarではないか and じゃないか: checking and challengingUse ではないか for formal confirmation and じゃないか in casual speech. Learn how context turns the same shape into a check, reminder, surprise, or invitation.Available9 min read
- N4 grammarが必要 and 必要がある: expressing necessityUse Nが必要 for a needed thing and Vる必要がある for a necessary action. Learn the particles, negative forms, tense, and difference from obligation.Available8 min read
- N4 grammarがする: describing sounds, smells and tastesUse Nがする to report a sound, smell, taste or bodily sensation. Learn the noun slot, source with から, tense, and differences from active sensing.Available9 min read
- N4 grammarがる, がり and たがる: feelings observed in othersLearn when がる shows an observed feeling, がり names a tendency, and たがる reports another person's wish, with forms, limits and practice.Available9 min read